How is 'closed systems' characterized in systems theory?

The correct characterization of 'closed systems' in systems theory is that they rely solely on internal processes without external influence. In a closed system, the components interact only among themselves, and any output generated by the system does not significantly affect the inputs or the environment outside of the system. This means that the system operates under a hierarchy of internal rules and processes, minimizing or entirely avoiding external interaction.

Closed systems typically do not adapt to changes in their external environment, which differentiates them from open systems that are constantly engaging with and adapting to their surroundings. By focusing only on internal dynamics, closed systems may become inefficient or obsolete in the face of external pressures or innovations, as they lack the ability to evolve or incorporate new ideas from outside. This characteristic limits their capacity for adaptation and growth, emphasizing the importance of understanding system boundaries in the field of healthcare administration.